Two major systematic reviews led by the University’s Centre for Motivation and Behaviour Change and published in the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, suggest that the quality of neighbourhoods and social connections plays a bigger role than access alone in explaining why older adults in wealthier communities are more physically active.

Analysing over 100 UK-based studies, researchers found that feeling part of a community, owning a dog and having well-maintained, safe green spaces mattered more than simply having parks or facilities nearby.

Olivia Malkowski, lead researcher, said:

Our research shows that for older adults in lower-income areas, simply having access to a park or walking route isn’t enough if the area feels unsafe, the pavements are hazardous, or the surroundings are unappealing. It’s the quality of those opportunities, not just their availability, that influences physical activity.

The findings are based on two systematic reviews:

• One covering nearly 80 quantitative studies, and

• Another analysing 30 qualitative studies, drawing on the lived experiences of older adults from lower socio-economic backgrounds.

While personal health, knowledge, and motivation all influence activity levels, the researchers say it’s differences in neighbourhood quality and social connections that may be the key reasons wealthier older adults stay more active.

Dr Max Western, co-author, added:

Our findings highlight the need for policies that improve the safety, appearance, and community feel of neighbourhoods in less affluent areas. Even small changes could make a significant difference to older people’s ability and desire to stay active.

This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC).